OUR MISSION

Measles is sweeping the globe, and will soon be pouring into Japan.　　02/26/24

The global outbreak of measles (measles) is increasing the risk of extremely serious complications and death.
In the United States, the United Kingdom, and European Union countries, the spread of the disease continues unabated. In the United States, measles cases have been reported in California, Georgia, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Washington, Ohio, Maryland, Minnesota, and Florida. It is believed to be an influx of cases from international travelers.

Measles is so contagious that even a single case is considered an outbreak. One measles patient can infect 12 to 18 people who are not immunized by vaccine or natural infection. In contrast, about 2 persons in the corona. Two doses of measles vaccine protect 97% of children, but because the virus spreads rapidly by airborne (aerosol) transmission, at least 95% of the population must have completed two doses of vaccine to stop the spread.

In the U.S., only 93% of children were vaccinated in 2022-23, and in Japan, only 93% were vaccinated in 2021 and 95% in 2022 for the first phase, and 93% in 2021 and 92% in 2022 for the second phase.

A person who has measles can spread the virus for 9 days, from 4 days before to 4 days after a skin rash develops. An infected person can be contagious up to 2 hours after leaving a room.

When 10,000 children are infected with measles, 2,000 (20%) will be hospitalized, 1,000 (10%) will develop ear infections with possible permanent hearing loss, 500 (5%) will develop pneumonia, and 10-30 (0.1~0.3%) will die. Measles patients are susceptible to secondary bacterial infections such as pneumonia, one of the most common causes of death in measles patients.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a devastating long-term complication of measles, causes memory loss, irritability, movement disorders, seizures, and blindness, which may occur 6 to 8 years after recovery from measles. Antiepileptic drugs may relieve symptoms but do not cure the disease. Recent studies indicate that this complication is more common than previously thought, occurring in about 1 in 600 (0.16%) young children exposed to measles.

It is predicted that the disease will soon begin to spread domestically in Japan, under the same conditions of declining vaccination coverage during a pandemic and increasing inbound numbers. Children who have not been vaccinated are urged to be vaccinated as soon as possible.

First human influenza A(H5N1) (bird flu) virus infection of the year in Cambodia 02/16/24

Four recent human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) (bird flu) viruses have been reported in Cambodia. These are the first human infections with the H5N1 virus confirmed in Cambodia in 2024. The four infected patients, three children (one of whom died) and one adult, were all confirmed in late January or early February.

All patients had a recent history of exposure to sick poultry (birds raised as livestock) or dead poultry prior to illness onset.

At this time, there are no indications of human-to-human transmission associated with these four cases of H5N1 virus infection in Cambodia.

The first two patients were epidemiologically unrelated and were admitted to different Cambodian hospitals, but both recovered and were discharged home. Both patients had been exposed to sick birds prior to the onset of symptoms; a 3-year-old child patient’s backyard chickens were found dead around her home, and a 69-year-old patient raised poultry and fighting cocks, three of which tested positive for H5N1.

The third patient died shortly after being transported to a pediatric hospital in the capital; the fourth patient was admitted for observation and treatment; the third and fourth patients were siblings, but lived in different villages.
The fourth patient’s family brought dead poultry to the third patient’s family, and both siblings were exposed.

An investigation is underway to monitor these two close contacts and identify further transmission. The U.S. CDC is working with the Ministry of Health’s Cambodian Department of Communicable Disease Control (C-CDC), the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) of Cambodia, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the Wildlife Conservation Society of Cambodia to address these sporadic human infections.

Genetic sequencing of specimens from the first and third patients identified both H5N1 viruses as H5 clade 2.3.2.1c, which has been circulating among birds and poultry in Cambodia for many years. This is different from the H5N1 virus that has circulated widely in poultry in several world regions.
Genetic sequencing of the specimen from the fourth patient is ongoing.

Four of the six human infections with H5N1 viruses in Cambodia during 2023 were fatal; since the first infection was reported in 2003, 64 cases have been reported in Cambodia, including 41 deaths.

Further sporadic human infections are not unexpected in persons with direct or close unprotected exposure to poultry infected with the H5N1 virus in areas where the H5N1 virus is endemic among poultry.

Human metapneumovirus infection 　　02/12/24

Human metapneumoviruses cause upper respiratory tract infections (rhinitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis) to lower respiratory tract infections (bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia) in all age groups. The majority of cases are presumed to be upper respiratory tract infections, but lower respiratory tract infections are more common in infants and the elderly.
The incubation period is 4 to 6 days, viral load is high 1 to 4 days after fever, and viral excretion continues for 1 to 2 weeks. However, since many patients have mild disease, it is difficult to control the spread of infection by testing, and antigen testing should not be performed blindly on children with mild disease in order to prevent epidemics.
Since there are no antiviral drugs available, treatment is symptomatic and depends on the severity of symptoms, and testing does not change the course of treatment.
In cases of secondary bacterial infections, antibiotics should be used, and in children with bronchial asthma, treatment of the asthma will be necessary.
Lower respiratory tract inflammatory symptoms, such as a fever that lasts about 5 days like the flu and respiratory symptoms like RS virus infection, may occur together.
First infection begins at 6 months of age, 50% at 2 years of age, 75% at 5 years of age, and once by 10 years of age at the latest, but a single infection does not confer lifelong immunity, and re-infection occurs over and over.
Severe cases are more common in infants over 1 year of age, although RS virus is more common in infants under 6 months of age.
Epidemics occur from February to June after the influenza pandemic, often peaking in March and April.

Pneumonia due to Rhinoviruses. 01/24/24

From 2023 to the present, pneumonia has been very common. More and more people with a prolonged cough, whether or not they have a fever, are being found to have pneumonia on x-ray.
The increase is not limited to infants and young children whose immune systems have not yet fully developed, people with weakened immune systems, and the elderly, but all generations. (It is believed that this is due to immune memory against infections that has been reduced because it was not activated during the pandemic period.)
It is estimated that viral and bacterial infections account for 36% and 64% of pneumonia cases, respectively, but often begin with a viral infection and are joined by bacterial infections, and often both viral and bacterial infections are detected.
When pneumonia is found, it is often bacterial in origin and requires treatment with appropriate antibiotics. (However, due to a severe shortage of antibiotics, appropriate treatment is not available at this time.)
The most common causative virus during the past year was actually the most common cold virus, rhinovirus. It is likely that rhinovirus is still the cause of many pneumonia cases. Exacerbations of bronchial asthma, sinusitis, and otitis media, which are assumed to be caused by this virus, continue to be extremely common.
Rhinovirus is a so-called “common cold” with no effective vaccine because of the large number of mutated strains, and it is a life-long recurring illness. Since no test kits exist, clinical diagnosis can only be inferred from clinical symptoms based on published epidemiological information.
For prevention, hand washing and masks are effective.

National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan, lower respiratory tract infection-derived virus2023~2024
CDC Rhinoviruses

Reference Values for Hypertension in Children – Hypertension in children is clearly abnormal

Infant 120/70
Grade 1-3 130/80
Grade 4-6 135/80
Grade 7-9 (male) 140/85
Grade 7-9 (female) 135/80
Grade 10-12 140/85
If above, there is hypertension

If hematuria or proteinuria is indicated as (+) in your school urinalysis, blood pressure should be measured, and if hypertension is also found,further examination is needed immediately.

Alcohol disinfection alone is not sufficient for adenovirus

Adenovirus is a virus that mainly causes pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever (pool fever), and gastroenteritis. It is a viral infection that is originally found throughout the year. In the current epidemic, all of these patterns are seen. (Although very rare, it can also cause infectious symptoms in the urinary tract, liver, central nervous system, and heart.)　

There are more than 70 different types of the virus, and it can be contracted many times. The incubation period is 2-14 days when it comes to the throat and 3-10 days when it comes to the gastrointestinal tract.

It is transmitted through the eyes, nose, and mouth via the hands that touch them. Adenovirus is a double-stranded RNA virus without an envelope, so alcohol, synthetic detergents, and chlorhexidine cannot be used to remove it from hands or utensils. Careful hand washing is essential, but if every inch of the hand is not carefully washed, the virus can remain on the fingers even after 10 seconds of hand washing.

80% of urticaria in children is caused by common cold

Urticaria is an itchy, swollen rash that disappears within 24 hours but appears as if it has moved to another location.
　There is also “stimulus-induced urticaria” with a definite cause, but most cases in children are “idiopathic urticaria” with no identifiable cause.
　The cause of “acute idiopathic urticaria,” which resolves within one to four weeks, can be stress or fatigue, but most cases are caused by a cold virus that entered the body before or after the onset of urticaria. Therefore, once the cold is cured spontaneously, the urticaria will also heal on its own.

Timing of EpiPen use – there is no case where it would have been better not to shot

What happens if you accidentally shot someone with an EpiPen when they are not anaphylactic?
(Answer) If you inject a normal person, they will feel hot flashes and heart will pound, but it is only a temporary phenomenon and will return to normal in about 15 minutes. The adrenaline is a type of hormone originally produced in an organ in the human body called the adrenal medulla.

It is impossible to predict the course of anaphylaxis. Injecting adrenaline intramuscularly within 30 minutes reduces the risk of multiple doses of adrenaline, decreases the rate of hospitalization, and reduces biphasic reactions that occur over time. Conversely, delayed administration increases the risk of biphasic reactions. Adrenaline (EpiPen) is a drug that prevents severe reactions, and it is crucial that it be injected intramuscularly before anaphylaxis peaks.

Voice is hoarse, throat and chest tightness, dog-barking cough, persistent strong cough, wheezing cough, difficulty breathing
Repeated vomiting, unbearable abdominal pain
Swelling of the face, skin rash all over the body, unbearable itching, pale lips or fingernails, difficult to feel the pulse, tachycardia, drowsiness, fear, headache, limping, leaking urine or stool
If any one of these is present, EpiPen must be used.

There is no “don’t inject or shouldn’t have injected” situation for EpiPen prescribed.

(Obvious tachycardia per minute: 6 months of age 180, 1-2 years 170, 3-5 years 160, 7-9 years 155, 10-11 years 145, 12-14 years 140, 15-17 years 135, 18 years and older 130)

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